Helicobacter pylori (Hp) is a spiral-shaped bacterium that grows between the gastric mucosa layer and submucosa in the pyloric region of the stomach, hence the name Helicobacter pylori.As early as 1994, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified it as a Group 1 carcinogen for gastric cancer.Chronic active gastritis induced by Hp infection, i.e., Hp-associated gastritis, is the fundamental lesion of Hp infection.It has also been found that all Hp-infected individuals exhibit varying degrees of gastric mucosal inflammation and mucosal damage, which can further lead to gastric mucosal intestinal metaplasia and atrophy.On this basis, some patients may develop severe diseases such as peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and gastric MALT lymphoma.
The 2015 Kyoto Global Consensus on Helicobacter pylori Gastritis defined Hp-associated gastritis as an infectious disease and recommended that all infected individuals without contraindications receive eradication therapy. Many subsequent consensuses have adopted this view. Eradicating Hp can significantly reduce the risk of gastric cancer and make diseases such as peptic ulcers, chronic active gastritis, and gastric MALT lymphoma curable.
Hp Spherical Transformation
However, in recent years, Hp has shown a state of ‘three highs and one low’: high infection rate, high pathogenicity, high drug resistance rate, and low eradication rate. Why is this happening? Research has found that in the treatment of Hp, a large number of spherical Hp are present in the gastric mucosal pathological tissues of chronic gastritis patients treated with antibiotics. This spherical Hp is not sensitive to antibiotic treatment, meaning it is in a non-responsive phase. Therefore, Hp spherical transformation is considered one of the reasons for Hp treatment failure.
The question arises: why does spiral-shaped Hp transform into a spherical form? Research also shows that Hp is not always in a spiral shape. When the growth environment is unfavorable, such as increased oxygen tension, alkaline environment, elevated temperature, or antibiotic intervention, it can lead to spherical transformation. Spherical Hp has been proven to have some tolerance to physical and chemical factors within 30 days, and under suitable conditions, it takes 4-6 weeks to regrow and revert to a reproductive state. The entire process resembles a protective dormancy. Some experiments suggest that Hp in this form still possesses vitality and infectivity. Spherical Hp has relatively low metabolic activity, reduced urease activity, and significantly decreased sensitivity to antibiotics. Moreover, this spherical Hp cannot be cultured and is difficult to detect. What should be done?
Multiple literature verifications indicate that observing the morphology and quantity of Hp in gastric mucosal tissues through immunohistochemical staining of gastric mucosal tissue has significant advantages in diagnosing Hp spherical transformation. In addition to directly observing Hp morphology, immunohistochemical methods for detecting Hp can also provide information about the degree of gastritis, gastric mucosal atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, malignant tumors, and other lesion complications.
Gastritis tissue, Hp staining, schematic diagram of Hp spherical transformation
The Hp immunohistochemical antibody reagent independently developed by Maixin has obtained NMPA registration certification, with outstanding product performance: using high-purity anti-Helicobacter pylori IgG, it offers high sensitivity and specificity. It can detect the quantity, distribution, and invasion depth of Hp bacteria (including spherical forms) and fragments, with clear background and more intuitive morphology.
Eradicating Hp is of great significance,Immunohistochemical Stainingand is a standard method for evaluating Hp. Therefore, histopathological diagnosis for gastritis patients is necessary, as it can provide more information including the degree of gastritis, the state of Hp, sequelae of gastritis, malignant tumors, etc.
Maixin Related Antibodies
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Antibody Name
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Product Number
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Clone Number
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Positive Site
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HP*
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MAB-0692
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MX014
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Hp Bacteria
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*Marked as Maixin clone product
References:
[1] SuganoK, TackJ, KuipersEJ, et al. Kyoto global consensus report on Helicobacter pylori gastritis[J]. Gut, 2015, 64(9): 1353-1367. DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309252.
[2] Ye Bing, Wang Jun. Research Progress on Spherical Helicobacter pylori[J]. Journal of Medical Pest Control, 2007, 23(5): 398-400. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1003-6245.20-07.05.044.
[3] Zhan Bingjie, Shen Weixiang, Gao Hengjun. Emphasizing the Importance of Successful First-Time Eradication of Helicobacter pylori[J]. Chinese Journal of Digestion, 2019, 39(9): 638-640. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-1432.2019.09.009
